A psychotic break is a frightening experience where a person loses touch with reality, often due to declining mental health. Also known as psychosis or a psychotic episode, this condition can be triggered by stress, trauma, or underlying medical issues. Research indicates that 3 in 100 people may experience a psychotic break in their lifetime. Recognizing the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for timely intervention.
What Causes a Psychotic Break?
While the exact cause of psychosis remains unclear, several factors have been identified as potential triggers:
- Genetics: A family history of psychosis or related conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can increase the risk of a psychotic break.
- Trauma: Physical or emotional trauma, especially in those with a genetic predisposition, can lead to psychosis.
- Substance Abuse: Misuse of drugs like amphetamines or excessive alcohol consumption can trigger psychosis.
- Brain Injuries: Traumatic brain injuries may result in early signs of psychosis.
- Medical Conditions: Psychosis is often associated with mental health disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder, as well as conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
- Stress: High stress levels, especially when combined with other risk factors, can increase the likelihood of a psychotic break.
Recognizing the Signs
A psychotic break can occur suddenly, alarming both the affected individual and those around them. Early symptoms may include:
- Difficulty concentrating
- A sudden drop in performance at work or school
- Neglecting personal hygiene
- Social withdrawal
- Intense emotions or emotional numbness
As the psychosis intensifies, symptoms can involve hallucinations and delusions:
- Hearing voices or sounds that aren’t there
- Seeing things others can’t see
- Believing in special powers or external control over one’s actions
Additional symptoms may include:
- Rapid or slow speech
- Severe mood swings
- Increased anxiety
- Inappropriate behavior
- Disordered thinking
Hallucinations involve sensory experiences that are not real, while delusions are irrational beliefs detached from reality.
Treatment
Treatment usually combines medication and psychotherapy, tailored to the severity of the psychosis and its root cause.
Medication: Antipsychotic medications help regulate dopamine levels, which play a key role in triggering psychosis. First-generation (typical) antipsychotics like Haldol (haloperidol) and Prolixin (fluphenazine) and second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics like Abilify (aripiprazole), Zyprexa (olanzapine), and Seroquel (quetiapine) are commonly prescribed.
Psychotherapy: Therapy is often used alongside medication. Effective therapeutic options include:
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT teaches individuals to understand their symptoms and equips them with strategies to manage stress and prevent future psychotic episodes.
- Family Therapy: Since psychotic breaks affect both the individual and their loved ones, family therapy helps provide understanding and support, which can be vital for recovery.
How to Help Someone Having a Psychotic Break
Witnessing a psychotic break can be unsettling. The person may behave erratically or say hurtful things, but it’s important to remember they are not in control. Your support is crucial during and after the episode. Stay calm, offer reassurance, and encourage them to seek professional help.
